Law and credit constraints in transition economies1

Using a survey of over 4,000 firms in 21 transition economies, this paper investigates how legal extensiveness (law on the books) and legal effectiveness (law in practice) affect availability of bank finance. Our findings suggest that both law on the books and law in practice are important, but that they impact firms of different sizes differently. Small firms appear to be the most credit constrained in countries with weak creditor rights and with weak contract enforcement, while large firms are the most credit constrained in countries with weak courts and unclear and inconsistent laws pertaining to firms’ business operations.     

States and economic growth: Capacity and constraints

State capacity has become one of the most discussed concepts in development economics and political economy. In this survey we argue that the study of economic history provides vital insights into the process through which modern states have acquired ‘state capacity’. By evaluating the process of state building across a range of different countries in Europe and Asia, we are able to ‘decompress’ the relationship between state capacity and economic growth. Our analysis emphasizes the variegated nature of the state building process. We focus on recent research that helps to elucidate the mechanisms that relate state capacity to economic growth.     

早期列宁建设法制国家的思想探索

俄国伟大的导师列宁提出了关于立法、执法、司法、守法和法律监督等一系列崭新理论,并在实践中逐步形成了建设法制国家的思想,极大地丰富了马克思主义法学宝库,对于我们今天实施＂依法治国,建设社会主义法治国家＂的治国方略,具有极为重要的启示和指导意义。     

公司性质的争议:从视角组合的角度分析

通过逻辑学中视角组合,可以发现公司法定论和公司契约论的明显差异。由此得出一个好的探讨公司性质的进路,不仅能够在对象概念所含要素这样一个表层上是以归属视角建立基础的,还能在此之上,继续用归属视角或效用视角在要素的现实层面扩展构建,即能够建立一个现实的语境内涵。     

讨论式教学法在劳动与社会保障法教学中的应用

讨论式教学有别于传统的讲授式教学。为了达到良好的教学效果，讨论的主题应当紧扣劳动与社会保障法课程内容，能够激发学生的讨论热情，难易适中。在讨论过程中，教师应居于主导地位，有效地控制讨论进程，把握讨论方向，避免偏离讨论主题。讨论结束后，教师要及时总结、评价和补充，对涉及的理论或制度问题进行系统的整理和陈述，以达到讨论式教学的目标。     

A sectoral approach to Okun’s Law

The study adds to the existing literature on the relationship between output and unemployment by using a sectoral specification of Okun’s Law to capture the differential sensitivity of the unemployment rate to output developments in the services and manufacturing sectors. Using quarterly data for the period between 2000 and 2012, we show that Malta’s unemployment rate has been more sensitive to output developments in the services sector than to those in the manufacturing sector. We use different equation specifications and the youth unemployment rate to show that the impact resulting from developments in the manufacturing sector occurs mainly via lay-offs while developments in the services sector affect the unemployment rate via the hiring of new entrants into the labour market.     

论著作权法中的思想与表达二分法——以实用艺术作品为视角

文章以实用艺术作品为视角,分析了当实用艺术作品的思想或功能与表达重叠合并时著作权法不仅不能保护思想或功能,也不能保护表达的现实障碍,进而提出了实用艺术作品思想与表达的具体判定方法。文章进而从著作权客体、法条明文化、引入思想与表达合并原则等方面就该原则在我国著作权法上的完善提出了初步建议。     

Strategic niche management of social innovations: the case of social entrepreneurship

Strategic niche management (SNM), a tool to understand and manage radical socio-technical innovations and facilitate their diffusion, has always departed from a technical artefact. Many radical innovations, however, do not revolve around such an artefact. Social entrepreneurship is a new business model that combines a social goal with a business mentality and is heralded as an important new way to create social value such as sustainability. This study examines if and how SNM can be applied to such a social innovation. It identifies theoretical and practical limitations and proposes solutions. The main conclusion is that SNM can be used to analyse radical social innovation, although it requires rethinking the initial entry point for research and management. Exemplifying quotes are proposed as an alternative. Second, this paper suggests using values to describe niche–regime interaction as a better way to anticipate future niche–regime interactions.     

浅谈纳税人权利的保障

从税法的修订,到企业所得税法的颁布实施,都体现了对纳税人权利保障的重视。纳税人权利的保障,是市场经济与民主法治的产物,各个发达国家已从各个层面对纳税人权利都有全方位的保护。     

论垂直价格挤压下的接入定价规制

在自然垄断产业引入竞争的过程中,独占传输网络的纵向一体化垄断厂商可能对下游市场新进入者实施接入价格挤压。接入价格挤压从属于价格歧视。尽管一定条件下的接入价格挤压具有正向的竞争效应,但垄断厂商将具有同等效率或更高效率的独立厂商驱逐出市场则应该受到规制。接入价格规制包括政府直接规制定价和反垄断法间接规制定价。直接规制定价中整体价格上限较为可取,而反垄断法间接规制需要采用基于福利后果分析的合理推定原则,但从短期来看采用直接规制更有效率。最后提出了完善我国自然垄断产业接入定价规制的相关政策建议。